To date most emigrants to the Gulf send money home to their families. Even some first-generation emigrants to the advanced capitalist countries send money to their families, but the trend is rapidly declining now. With remittances earned from abroad, the families of international migrants prospered, and could contribute to the development of their provinces and country.
The knowledge gained by emigrants from India about the economic progress made in other parts of the world, and the social, cultural, political values of other societies, also benefited the country.
Yet the list of what international migrants from India have lost and are losing outweighs what they have gained. Studies by Gurinder Kaur and colleagues, and other researchers show that most of the Upper Caste or General Category people in the country have migrated to the advanced capitalist countries, while most of the Scheduled Caste and Backward Class people have migrated to the Gulf. Due to the high cost of international migration, and the lack of land and resources for most people from Scheduled Caste or Backward Class families, their participation in international migration is relatively low.
Household savings have to be used and help or advance money taken from relatives and friends and employers. There is a gap between the migration expenditure incurred and remittances made by international migrants, which directly brings to light the flow of capital out of the country. This is likely to increase in the near future. As a result, many families of international migrants are in debt.
Neighboring Bangladesh regularly suffers from severe flooding, adding to the migration pressure for its nationals to search for opportunities in India.
India will need to revise its existing laws governing foreigners and eventually prepare to see itself as a country people also come to, rather than only a country people leave. Atlas Project. Data on international Student Mobility. Institute of International Education, New York. Available online. Bhat, Chandrashekhar. India and the Indian Diaspora: Inter-linkages and Expectations. In Indian Diaspora: Global Identity , ed. Ajay Dubey, 11— Chishti, Muzaffar. Washington D. Council of Graduate Schools.
Deshingkar, Priya. International Organization for Migration, Dubey, Ajay, ed. Indian Diaspora. Global Identity. High-Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora. Report on the Indian Diaspora. Hill, K. Seltzer, J. Leaning, S. Malik, S. Russell, and C. Hunger, Uwe. Indian IT-Entrepreneurs in the U. Journal of Comparative Policy-Analysis 6 2 : 99— Indian Ministry of Home Affairs. New Delhi: Government of India. Indian Standing Committee on Home Affairs. New Delhi: Rajya Sabha Secretariat.
Institute of International Education. New York. Jain, Prakash C. Anwar Alam, — New Delhi: New Century Publications. Jain, Ravindra K. Indian Communities Abroad: Themes and Literature.
Kannan, K. Kerala's Gulf Connection. Emigration, Remittances and their Macroeconomic Impact Working Paper No. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies. Khadria, Binod. International Migration Papers Geneva: International Labour Office.
Kuepper, William G. Lackey; E. Nelson Swinerton. Ugandan Asians in Great Britain. Forced Migration and Social Absorption. London: Croom Helm. Lal citation here. San Diego: University of California. Ninth Malaysia Plan — Markovits, Claude. In Modern Asian Studies , Vol. Masih, Archana. Factsheet August National Association of Software and Services Companies.
Naujoks, Daniel. India and its Diaspora. Changing Research and Policy Paradigms. In National Paradigms of Migration Research. PhD diss. Nayyar, Deepak. Migration, remittances and capital flows: The Indian experience. Delhi: Oxford University Press. New Zealand Statistics. Asian People. Sadiq, Kamal. New York: Oxford University Press. Britain's Immigrants.
An economic profile. A report for Class Films and Channel 4. Institute for Public Policy Research. Tinker, Hugh. London: Oxford University Press. Afghan Refugees face Insecure Refuge. Human Rights Feature 10, New Delhi. Time for Change. Human Rights Feature , New Delhi.
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Trafficking in Persons Report Washington, DC. UK Office for National Statistics. Focus on Ethnicity and Identity. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Eight Sri Lankan refugees drown while returning home.
United Nations Global Migration Database. United Nations Population Division. Skip to main content. Emigration, Immigration, and Diaspora Relations in India. You are here Home » Migration Information Source. Adjust Font. October 15, By Daniel Naujoks. Defining the Indian Diaspora. Table 1. Immigration of Indians to Selected Countries, to Note : Immigration data does not necessarily mean permanent immigration.
Depending on the countries reporting system temporary workers may be included. All data are by nationality, not country of birth. Table 2. Indian Students Abroad, to Table 3. Several factors could account for the continuing healthy inflow of financial resources from the Gulf.
The first is the sheer number of Indians who remain under contract and still remit a significant portion of their earnings. The second is the depreciation of the rupee. A second important change has been in the relative contribution by sending states of low-skilled workers to the Gulf labor market.
The long history of migration from Kerala to the Gulf is in its last phase. Figure 1. Over the past decade or more, the Indian government has been grappling with the downside risks associated with the migration to the Gulf of millions of its citizens. Yet, it is easy to lose sight of the challenges faced by blue collar Indian migrants themselves. The vast majority of the Indian expatriate workforce in the Gulf consist of temporary blue collar workers who have paid exorbitant recruitment fees to sell their labor [21] and whose precarious existence is defined by a foreign labor sponsorship system that formalizes their insecurity.
The current situation is unprecedented, as it comprises both a public health emergency and an economic crisis that encompasses India and the Gulf region in their entirety.
The pandemic already has slammed shut the door at both ends of the India-Gulf migration corridor. Indian Embassies in the Gulf States swung into action with help lines and other measures to assist those stranded at airports. Fear of job loss renders them susceptible to unscrupulous employers who impossible choice of continuing to work or being forced to accept unpaid leave. Adding to the deep sense of personal insecurity faced by low-wage workers are the difficulties of contacting families in India due to restrictions on free internet calling.
Meanwhile, in India, authorities have raced to put in place protocols for receiving returning workers. As of the second week of March, Telangana Health Department officials had begun screening all returning migrant workers arriving at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad. With as many as 23 flights arriving daily from the Gulf, officials in Mumbai rushed to strengthen defenses by creating quarantine centers and administering tests for the estimated 26, asymptomatic mostly blue collar workers.
One week later, on March 24, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a day nationwide lockdown to tackle the spread of the virus. ET Financial Inclusion Summit. Malaria Mukt Bharat. Wealth Wise Series How they can help in wealth creation. Honouring Exemplary Boards. Deep Dive Into Cryptocurrency. ET Markets Conclave — Cryptocurrency.
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